¿Debe tipificarse la corrupción privada en Ecuador? Análisis comparado del delito de corrupción en los negocios en España y de las normas del derecho de la competencia (Tema Central)

This article purpose is to analyze a widespread behavior within the world of business: private acts of corruption, also known as bribery in the corporate world. In general, we tend to focus our discussions with regard to public corruption,2 and we tend to be as rigid as we can with it, but contrary to this very little is usually done when it comes to only private corruption. Therefore, in this essay I will try to explain the Laws of Spain and Ecuador with regard to this matter, and I will try to illustrate the intimate and close relationship between corruption as a criminal offence and Antitrust Law. In that sense, I will explore precedents and leading cases from all over the world, the different types of offences and, finally, from the perspective of spanish unlawful act. I will set out my point of view with regard to which I consider the best way to deal with this matter, and lastly, I shall try to respond whether this kind of behaviors should be subjected to punishment by criminal law.El presente artículo pretende revisar una conducta muy desarrollada y habitual en el mundo empresarial: la corrupción privada, también conocida como el soborno entre particulares. En general, se debate y se intenta ser lo más rígido posible en todas las cuestiones vinculadas a la llamada corrupción pública,1 pero poco se combate a la corrupción que únicamente se produce entre privados. Se intentará exhibir cómo son las legislaciones de España y Ecuador en relación a esta temática, y se mostrará la íntima y estrecha relación que existe entre la figura penal y el Derecho de defensa de la competencia. Se repasarán los antecedentes internacionales sobre la materia, los distintos modelos de injusto existentes, y, finalmente, a partir del tipo penal español, se señalará la mejor manera de tratar esta cuestión, y respecto a si el Derecho penal se encuentra legitimado para penar estas conductas

Caracterización del MTSK de los docentes en formación: aproximación desde sus concepciones sobre el KFLM y el KMLS

El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el Conocimiento Especializado del Profesor de Matemáticas (Carrillo, Contreras, Climent, Escudero-Ávila, Flores-Medrano, & Montes, 2014) en el proceso de formación inicial de los futuros docentes de educación primaria en la Escuela Normal Rural “Gral. Matías Ramos Santos” en Zacatecas, México. Para ello, se realizó un estudio estadístico correlacional de Pearson con la aplicación de un cuestionario con reactivos Likert. La muestra consistió en 52 alumnos que cursan el cuarto semestre de la licenciatura. Los resultados demuestran una relación estadísticamente significativa en las correlaciones tanto en los niveles de dificultad de la enseñanza de los contenidos de matemáticas, como en su aprendizaje

Gravitational Anomaly and Transport

Quantum anomalies give rise to new transport phenomena. In particular a magnetic field can induce an anomalous current via the chiral magnetic effect and a vortex in the relativistic fluid can also induce a current via the chiral vortical effect. The related transport coefficients can be calculated via Kubo formulas. We evaluate the Kubo formula for the anomalous vortical conductivity at weak coupling and show that it receives contributions proportional to the gravitational anomaly coefficient. The gravitational anomaly gives rise to an anomalous vortical effect even for an uncharged fluid.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, v2: essentially the version published in Physcial Review Letter

Very High Resolution (VHR) Satellite Imagery: Processing and Applications

Recently, growing interest in the use of remote sensing imagery has appeared to provide synoptic maps of water quality parameters in coastal and inner water ecosystems;, monitoring of complex land ecosystems for biodiversity conservation; precision agriculture for the management of soils, crops, and pests; urban planning; disaster monitoring, etc. However, for these maps to achieve their full potential, it is important to engage in periodic monitoring and analysis of multi-temporal changes. In this context, very high resolution (VHR) satellite-based optical, infrared, and radar imaging instruments provide reliable information to implement spatially-based conservation actions. Moreover, they enable observations of parameters of our environment at greater broader spatial and finer temporal scales than those allowed through field observation alone. In this sense, recent very high resolution satellite technologies and image processing algorithms present the opportunity to develop quantitative techniques that have the potential to improve upon traditional techniques in terms of cost, mapping fidelity, and objectivity. Typical applications include multi-temporal classification, recognition and tracking of specific patterns, multisensor data fusion, analysis of land/marine ecosystem processes and environment monitoring, etc. This book aims to collect new developments, methodologies, and applications of very high resolution satellite data for remote sensing. The works selected provide to the research community the most recent advances on all aspects of VHR satellite remote sensing

A simple FEM-DEM technique for fracture prediction in materials and structures

This paper presents a new computational technique for predicting the onset and evolution of fracture in a continuum in a simple manner combining the finite element method (FEM) and the discrete element method (DEM). Once a crack is detected at an element side in the FE mesh, discrete elements are generated at the nodes sharing the side and a simple DEM mechanism is considered to follow the evolution of the crack. The combination of the DEM with simple 3-noded linear triangular elements correctly captures the onset of fracture and its evolution, as shown in several examples of application in two and three dimensions

On the compatibility of classical multiplier estimates with variable reduction techniques when there are nonlinear inequality constraints

The minimization of a nonlinear function subject to linear and nonlinear equality constraints and simple bounds can be performed through minimizing a partial augmented Lagrangian function subject only to linear constraints and simple bounds by variable reduction techniques. The first-order procedure for estimating the multiplier of the nonlinear equality constraints through the Kuhn-Tucker conditions is analyzed and compared to that of Hestenes-Powell. There is a method which identifies those major iterations where the procedure based on the Kuhn-Tucker conditions can be safely used and also computes these estimates. This work justifies the extension of the former results to the case of general inequality constraints. To this end two procedures that convert inequalities into equalities are considered

Rotation‐free triangular plate and shell elements

The paper describes how the finite element method and the finite volume method can be successfully combined to derive two new families of thin plate and shell triangles with translational degrees of freedom as the only nodal variables. The simplest elements of the two families based on combining a linear interpolation of displacements with cell centred and cell vertex finite volume schemes are presented in detail. Examples of the good performance of the new rotation‐free plate and shell triangles are given